EPE August 2008
Size : 15.8 MB
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Password : electronicseveryday
Size : 15.8 MB
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Password : electronicseveryday
July 15, 2009
EPE July 2008
EPE July 2008
Size : 10.7 MB
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Password : electronicseveryday
Size : 10.7 MB
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Password : electronicseveryday
EPE June 2008
EPE June 2008
Size : 11.6 MB
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Password : electronicseveryday
Size : 11.6 MB
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Password : electronicseveryday
EPE May 2008
EPE May 2008
Size : 13.6 MB
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Password : electronicseveryday
Size : 13.6 MB
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Password : electronicseveryday
EPE April 2008
EPE April 2008
Size : 10.5 MB
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Password : electronicseveryday
Size : 10.5 MB
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EPE March 2008
EPE March 2008
Size : 11.2 MB
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Password : electronicseveryday
Size : 11.2 MB
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Password : electronicseveryday
EPE February 2008
EPE February 2008
Size : 11.9 MB
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Size : 11.9 MB
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Password : electronicseveryday
EPE January 2008
EPE January 2008
Size : 11.4 MB
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Password : electronicseveryday
Size : 11.4 MB
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Password : electronicseveryday
July 13, 2009
Mobile Cellphone Charger
MOBILE CELLPHONE CHARGER
Charging of the cellphone battery is a big problem while travelling as power supply source is not generally accessible. If you keep your cellphone switched on continuously, its battery will go flat within five to six hours, making the cellphone useless. A fully charged battery becomes necessary especially when your distance from the nearest relay station increases. Here’s a simple charger that replenishes the cellphone battery within two to three hours. Basically, the charger is a current-limited voltage source. Generally, cellphone battery packs require 3.6-6V DC and 180-200mA current for charging. These usually contain three NiCd cells, each having 1.2V rating. Current of 100mA is sufficient for charging the cellphone battery at a slow rate. A 12V battery containing eight pen gives sufficient current (1.8A) to charge the battery connected
across the output terminals. The circuit also monitors the voltage level of the battery. It automatically cuts off the charging process when its output terminal voltage increases above the
predetermined voltage level.
Working
Timer IC NE555 is used to charge and monitor the voltage level in the battery. Control voltage pin 5 of IC1 is provided with a reference voltage of 5.6V by zener
diode ZD1. Threshold pin 6 is supplied with a voltage set by VR1 and trigger pin 2 is supplied with a voltage set by VR2. When the discharged cellphone battery is connected to the circuit, the voltage given to trigger pin 2 of IC1 is below 1/3Vcc and hence the flip-flop in the IC is switched on to take output pin 3 high. When the battery is fully charged, the output terminal voltage
increases the voltage at pin 2 of IC1 above the trigger point threshold. This switches off
the flip-flop and the output goes low to terminate the charging process. Threshold pin 6 of IC1 is referenced at 2/3Vcc set by VR1. Transistor T1 is used to enhance the charging current. Value of R3 is critical in providing the required current for charging. With the given value of 39-ohm the charging current is around 180 mA. The circuit can be constructed on a small general-purpose PCB. For calibration of cut-off voltage level, use a variable DC power source. Connect the output terminals of the circuit to the variable power supply set at 7V. Adjust VR1 in the middle
position and slowly adjust VR2 until LED1 goes off, indicating low output. LED1 should turn on when the voltage of the variable power supply reduces below 5V. Enclose the circuit in a small plastic case and use suitable connector for connecting to the cellphone battery.
Circuit Diagram
NOTE : Click the image for better Quality
Charging of the cellphone battery is a big problem while travelling as power supply source is not generally accessible. If you keep your cellphone switched on continuously, its battery will go flat within five to six hours, making the cellphone useless. A fully charged battery becomes necessary especially when your distance from the nearest relay station increases. Here’s a simple charger that replenishes the cellphone battery within two to three hours. Basically, the charger is a current-limited voltage source. Generally, cellphone battery packs require 3.6-6V DC and 180-200mA current for charging. These usually contain three NiCd cells, each having 1.2V rating. Current of 100mA is sufficient for charging the cellphone battery at a slow rate. A 12V battery containing eight pen gives sufficient current (1.8A) to charge the battery connected
across the output terminals. The circuit also monitors the voltage level of the battery. It automatically cuts off the charging process when its output terminal voltage increases above the
predetermined voltage level.
Working
Timer IC NE555 is used to charge and monitor the voltage level in the battery. Control voltage pin 5 of IC1 is provided with a reference voltage of 5.6V by zener
diode ZD1. Threshold pin 6 is supplied with a voltage set by VR1 and trigger pin 2 is supplied with a voltage set by VR2. When the discharged cellphone battery is connected to the circuit, the voltage given to trigger pin 2 of IC1 is below 1/3Vcc and hence the flip-flop in the IC is switched on to take output pin 3 high. When the battery is fully charged, the output terminal voltage
increases the voltage at pin 2 of IC1 above the trigger point threshold. This switches off
the flip-flop and the output goes low to terminate the charging process. Threshold pin 6 of IC1 is referenced at 2/3Vcc set by VR1. Transistor T1 is used to enhance the charging current. Value of R3 is critical in providing the required current for charging. With the given value of 39-ohm the charging current is around 180 mA. The circuit can be constructed on a small general-purpose PCB. For calibration of cut-off voltage level, use a variable DC power source. Connect the output terminals of the circuit to the variable power supply set at 7V. Adjust VR1 in the middle
position and slowly adjust VR2 until LED1 goes off, indicating low output. LED1 should turn on when the voltage of the variable power supply reduces below 5V. Enclose the circuit in a small plastic case and use suitable connector for connecting to the cellphone battery.
Circuit Diagram
NOTE : Click the image for better Quality
Secret Bell
Secret Bell
Many people move through the corridors and steps in multi storied buildings. As most of them are strangers for the inhabitants of the flats, it becomes necessary to verify the identity of the visitor before opening the door as he can be a burglar. This circuit helps you identify the members of your family. It is basically a switch less musical bell that activates with a single puff of breath. The condenser mic fitted inside the existing door-bell switch box will trigger the bell on detecting air-pressure changes following the breath. As only the members of your family know the secret of the bell and hence puff out before the hole for the switch box, the door can
be opened without fear.
Working
The front end of the circuit is a condenser mic amplifier with fixed sensitivity. Transistor T1 amplifies the signal received from the condenser mic through capacitor C1. When transistor T1 conducts, a short negative pulse triggers the monostable wired around IC1. The monostable time is decided by resistor R7 and capacitor C5. Reset pin 4 of IC1 is made stable by R6 and C3. Resistor R5 acts as a pull-up resistor for trigger pin 2 of IC1 to keep the trigger pin high in the standby mode. The high output from IC1 is used to power IC UM66 (IC2). IC2 generates a soft melody on receiving 3 volts at pin 2. Transistor T2 amplifies the music
notes. A zener diode maintains the power for IC2 at a safer level of 3 volts. The condenser mic
should be connected to the circuit using a single-core shielded wire to reduce noise interference
Circuit Diagram
Note : Click the image for better Quality
Many people move through the corridors and steps in multi storied buildings. As most of them are strangers for the inhabitants of the flats, it becomes necessary to verify the identity of the visitor before opening the door as he can be a burglar. This circuit helps you identify the members of your family. It is basically a switch less musical bell that activates with a single puff of breath. The condenser mic fitted inside the existing door-bell switch box will trigger the bell on detecting air-pressure changes following the breath. As only the members of your family know the secret of the bell and hence puff out before the hole for the switch box, the door can
be opened without fear.
Working
The front end of the circuit is a condenser mic amplifier with fixed sensitivity. Transistor T1 amplifies the signal received from the condenser mic through capacitor C1. When transistor T1 conducts, a short negative pulse triggers the monostable wired around IC1. The monostable time is decided by resistor R7 and capacitor C5. Reset pin 4 of IC1 is made stable by R6 and C3. Resistor R5 acts as a pull-up resistor for trigger pin 2 of IC1 to keep the trigger pin high in the standby mode. The high output from IC1 is used to power IC UM66 (IC2). IC2 generates a soft melody on receiving 3 volts at pin 2. Transistor T2 amplifies the music
notes. A zener diode maintains the power for IC2 at a safer level of 3 volts. The condenser mic
should be connected to the circuit using a single-core shielded wire to reduce noise interference
Circuit Diagram
Note : Click the image for better Quality
July 12, 2009
Abbreviations from N-Zt
Abbreviations used in ElectronicsN to TWT | |
- N
- Number of turns in an inductor
- N
- Revolutions per minute
- n
- Nano (10-9)
- N
- Negative
- nA
- Nanoampere
- NC
- Normally closed
- NC
- No connection
- NEG, neg
- Negative
- nF
- Nanofarad
- nH
- Nanohenry
- nm
- Nanometer
- NO
- Normally open
- NPN
- Negative-positive-negative
- ns
- Nanosecond
- nW
- Nanowatt
- OP AMP
- Operational amplifier
- P
- Pico (10-12)
- P
- Power
- p
- Instantaneous power
- P
- Positive, also peak
- PA
- Public address or power amplifier
- pA
- Picoampere
- PAL
- Programmable Array Logic
- PAM, pam
- Pulse amplitude modulation
- Pap
- Apparent power
- Pav
- Average power
- PCB
- Printed circuit board
- PCM, pcm
- Pulse-code modulation
- PDM
- Pulse-duration modulation
- pF
- Picofarad
- PLD
- Programmable Logic Device
- PLL
- Phase locked loop
- PM
- Phase modulation, also Permanent magnet
- PNP
- Positive-negative-positive
- POT, pot
- Potentiometer
- P-P
- Peak to peak
- PPM
- Pulse-position modulation
- PRF
- Pulse repetition frequency
- PRT
- Pulse repetition time
- pw
- Pulse width
- PWM, pwm
- Pulse width modulation
- Q
- Charge, also quality
- q
- Instantaneous charge
- R
- Potentiometer
- R
- Resistance
- RAM
- Random access memory
- RC
- Resistance-capacitance, also Radio controlled
- rcvr
- Receiver
- rect
- Rectifier
- ref
- Reference
- rf
- Radio frequencies
- RF
- Radio frequencies
- RFI
- Radio frequency interference
- RL
- Load resistor
- RLC
- Resistance-capacitance-inductance
- RMS, rms
- Root mean square
- ROM
- Read only memory
- rpm
- Revolutions per minute
- SCR
- Silicon controlled rectifier
- SHF
- Super high frequency
- SIP
- Single in-line package
- SNR
- Signal-to-noise ratio
- SPDT
- Single pole double throw
- sq cm
- Square centimeter
- SSB
- Single sideband
- SW
- Short wave
- SWR
- Standing-wave ratio
- SYNC, sync
- Synchronous
- T
- Tera (1012)
- T
- Torque
- T
- Transformer
- t
- Time in seconds
- TC
- Time constant, also temperature coefficient
- TE
- Transverse electric
- temp
- Temperature
- THz
- Terahertz
- TM
- Transverse magnetic
- TR
- Transmit-receive
- TTL
- Transistor-transistor logic
- TV
- Television
- TWT
- Travelling wave tube
- UHF
- Ultra high frequency
- UHV
- Ultra high voltage
- UJT
- Unijunction transistor
- UV
- Ultraviolet
- V
- Vacuum tube
- V, v
- Volt
- v
- Instantaneous voltage
- VA
- Volt ampere
- Vav
- Voltage (average value)
- VBE
- DC voltage base to emitter
- Vc
- Capacitive voltage
- VCE
- DC voltage collector to emitter
- VCO
- Voltage controlled oscillator
- VHF
- Very high frequency
- Vin
- Input voltage
- VL
- Inductive voltage
- VLF
- Very low frequency
- Vm, Vmax
- Maximum voltage
- VOM
- Volt ohm milliameter
- Vout
- Output voltage
- Vp
- Primary voltage
- VS
- Source voltage
- VSWR
- Voltage standing wave ratio
- VT
- Total voltage
- W
- Watt
- XC
- Capacitive reactance
- XL
- Inductive reactance
- Y
- Admittance
- Z
- Impedance
- Zin
- Input impedance
- Zo
- Output impedance
- Zp
- Primary impedance
- Zs
- Secondary impedance
- ZT
- Total impedance
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